History of Northeast Kentucky: Boyd and Greenup Counties
The Northeast Kentucky region, including Boyd and Greenup counties, is rich in history and culture, shaped by Native American heritage, early European settlers, and its development during key historical events. From its earliest days as part of the frontier to its establishment as a vital transportation and industrial hub, this region has seen significant growth and transformation.
Pre-Colonial and Native American Presence
Before European settlers arrived, the region was inhabited by Native American tribes, including the Shawnee, Cherokee, and Iroquois. These tribes used the waterways, particularly the Ohio River, as vital trade routes. Evidence of Native American settlements, such as stone tools and burial mounds, have been discovered throughout the area.
Early European Exploration and Settlement
In the late 1700s, European settlers, mostly of Virginia and Pennsylvania origin, began moving westward into Kentucky, seeking fertile land for farming and new opportunities. The arrival of these settlers marked the beginning of significant changes to the region’s landscape and indigenous communities. Thomas Walker, a pioneer explorer, is often credited with being one of the first Europeans to explore the land around Boyd County in the 1750s.
The region became part of Virginia until Kentucky became a state in 1792, after the American Revolution. The area’s proximity to the Ohio River, a critical trade route, made it an ideal location for settlements and eventually the creation of small towns.
Founding of Boyd and Greenup Counties
• Boyd County was established in 1860, named after Franklin Boyd, a prominent political figure and lawyer. The county’s growth was influenced by its location along the Ohio River and its access to key transportation routes. Early settlers focused on agriculture, including tobacco and corn farming.
• Greenup County was established earlier, in 1803, named after Christopher Greenup, a prominent Kentucky politician and governor. Greenup County was known for its agricultural production, especially corn, hemp, and tobacco, as well as its access to the Ohio River, which fostered river trade and transportation.
The 19th Century and Industrial Growth
In the 19th century, both Boyd and Greenup counties saw increased settlement and growth due to the development of key infrastructure, particularly railroads and river transportation. The construction of the Ohio River bridges and railroads connected the region to larger markets, facilitating economic development.
• Ashland, the largest city in Boyd County, grew significantly due to its proximity to the river and the arrival of railroads. The city became a transportation and industrial hub, especially with the establishment of the Ashland Oil Company in 1921, which played a major role in the area’s economy for decades.
• Greenup County also benefitted from its location along the Ohio River, with many industries, including coal mining and manufacturing, developing in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In addition, the region’s proximity to larger cities like Cincinnati and Huntington helped drive regional trade and industry.
The 20th Century: Economic Transformation
The early 20th century saw continued industrialization in both counties, but the Great Depression and the decline of certain industries, such as coal mining, impacted the region. However, the region adapted with the rise of service-based industries, education, healthcare, and retail.
• Boyd County continued to thrive, largely due to its industrial and transportation sectors. Ashland, in particular, saw the growth of Ashland Oil, which became a leading player in the U.S. petroleum industry.
• Greenup County, with its reliance on agriculture and coal, experienced challenges due to economic downturns in the coal industry. However, the region remained a vital transportation hub, particularly with railroads and the Ohio River.
Modern-Day Northeast Kentucky
Today, Boyd and Greenup counties are part of a vibrant, diverse region that combines rich historical heritage with modern-day development. While the area remains historically tied to its agricultural and industrial roots, the local economy has diversified. Education, healthcare, and retail sectors have grown, while the region’s natural beauty and historical landmarks continue to draw tourists and new residents.
• Ashland, Boyd County’s largest city, is home to numerous cultural attractions, including the Paramount Arts Center, and is a hub for business, healthcare, and education.
• Greenup County has retained its small-town charm with rural landscapes, including the scenic Greenbo Lake State Resort Park and the quiet community of Greenup, which serves as the county seat.
Cultural Heritage
The rich history of Boyd and Greenup counties is celebrated in museums, historic sites, and annual events. Key historical attractions include:
• The Highlands Museum and Discovery Center in Ashland, which showcases the region’s cultural history and natural resources.
• Greenup County Historical Society Museum in Greenup offers exhibits related to the county’s settlement and industrial past.
Today, Northeast Kentucky, including Boyd and Greenup counties, is proud of its historical legacy while continuing to evolve into a thriving area for business, tourism, and residents alike.